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CHE 351 |
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I: MATHEMATICS REVIEW |
| Exponentian and Logarithms |
| Summations and Products |
| Functions and Operators |
| The Derivative |
| The Integral |
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II: GASES |
| The Definition of Pressure |
| Liquid Pressure |
| The Barometer |
| The Manometer |
| Boyle's Law |
| The Two-State Boyle's Law |
| Charles's or Gay-Lussac's Law |
| The Two-State Charles's Law |
| Avogadro's Law |
| The Ideal Gas Law |
| The Two-State Ideal Gas Law |
| Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) |
| Molar Mass-Ideal Gas Relationship |
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
| Mole Fraction |
| Model for the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases |
| Molecular Basis of PV = nRT |
| The Speed of Gas Molecules |
| Distribution of Molecular Speeds |
| Translational Kinetic Energy of Gases |
| Effusion of Gases |
| Real Gases |
| The van der Waals Model of Real Gases |
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III: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS |
| Definitions |
| Types of Systems |
| Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics |
| Two Different Forms of Energy |
| Joule's Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Experiment |
| Units of Energy |
| State Properties |
| Sign Conventions |
| Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions |
| Thermal/Mechanical Surroundings |
| Heat Capacity |
| Specific Heat |
| Experimental Determination of Specific Heat |
| The Fundamental Equation of Calorimetry |
| The "Coffee Cup" Calorimeter |
| The Bomb Calorimeter |
| The First Law of Thermodynamics |
| The Interal Energy of an Ideal Gas Does Not Depend on its Volume |
| Two Conditions for Expansions/Compressions |
| Reversible/Irreversible Processes |
| An Equation for Expansion Work |
| Free Isothermal Expansion of a Gas |
| Free Isothermal (Irreversible) Expansion of a Gas |
| Obtaining Maximum Work by Expansion |
| A Formula for Controlled (Reversible) Isothermal Expansion |
| An Equation for the Change in Enthalpy |
 vs.
 |
| What is Enthalpy? |
| Values of with Special Names |
| Rules of Thermochemistry |
| Standard Conditions |
| Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation |
| Bond Energies |
| Using Bond Energies to Estimate
for a Reaction |
| Temperature Dependence of |
The Connection Between  and
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IV: THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS |
| Spontaneous/Non-spontaneous Processes |
| Entropy |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| Aside on Statistical Thermodynamics |
| More about the Second Law |
 for Typical Processes |
| The Third Law of Thermodynamics |
The Standard Reaction Entropy,
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How do we calculate  for a Chemical Reaction? |
Gibbs Free Energy  gives the Maximum Non-Expansion Work |
| When is < 0 and a Reaction is Spontaneous? |
| Method #1 for Determining |
| The Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Formation |
| Reaction Gibbs Energy at Arbitrary Concentrations |
| Equilibrium Constants |
| Activity |
The Connection Between  and
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| Reactions at Equilibrium |
| The Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant |
| The Effect of Pressure on the Equilibrium Constant |
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V: PHASE DIAGRAMS AND EQUILIBRIUM |
| Vapor Pressure |
| Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams |
| Gibbs Phase Rule |
| One-Component Phase Diagrams |
| The Clapeyron Equation |
| Measures of Concentration |
| Partial Molar Quantities |
| Raoult's Law |
| Ideal Solutions and Vapor Pressure Curves |
| Henry's Law |
| Ideal-Dilute Solutions and Vapor Pressure Curves |
| Vapor Pressure Lowering |
| Freezing Point Depression |
| Boiling Point Elevation |
| Osmotic Pressure |
| Phase Diagrams for Binary Mixtures |
| Mixtures of Volatile Liquids |
| Fractional Distillation |
| Tie Lines |
| The Lever Rule |
| Highly Non-Ideal Mixtures |
| Liquid-liquid Phase Diagrams |
| Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams |
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VI: ELECTROCHEMISTRY |
| A Review of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
| Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers |
| Rules for Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
| Oxidation Numbers Revisited |
| Formal Charges |
| Electrical Units and Constants |
| Types of Electrochemical Cells |
| Cell Reaction and Half-Reactions |
| Cell Notation |
| ReDox Couples |
| Cell Potential |
| Standard Voltage |
| Nernst Equation |
| The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) |
| Standard Reduction Potentials |
| The Electrochemical Series |
| Variation of E with pH |
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VII: CHEMICAL KINETICS |
| The Rate of a Reaction |
| Empirical Rates Laws |
| Zeroth Order Reactions |
| First Order Reactions |
| Second Order Reactions |
| Units of the Rate Constant |
| The Half-Life |
| Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates |
| Reaction Mechanisms |
| The Steady-State Approximation |
| Bimolecular Reaction Mechanisms |
| Collision Theory |
| Transition State Theory |
| A Mechanism for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions |
| Chain Reactions |
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VIII. WAVE MECHANICS |
| Electromagnetic Radiation |
| The Wave Nature of Light |
| Atomic Line Spectra |
| The Photoelectric Effect |
| The Particle Nature of Light |
| The Bohr Model of the Atom |
| The Bohr Model Explains the Hydrogen Atom Spectrum |
| Wave-Particle Duality |
| The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
| The Schrodinger Equation |
| The Probability Function |
| The Particle-in-a-1D Box |
| The Harmonic Oscillator |
| The Particle-in-a-3D Box |
| The Hydrogen Atom |
| Quantum Numbers and Orbitals |
| The Principal Quantum Number |
| Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Number |
| Magnetic Quantum Number |
| The s Orbitals |
| The p Orbitals |
| The d Orbitals |
| Radial Functions and Probability Plots |
| The Electron Spin |
| Multielectron Atoms |
| The Pauli Exclusion Principle |
| Energy Ordering for Multi-electron Atoms |
| Electron Configurations |
| The Structure of the Periodic Table |
| Orbital Diagrams |
| Hund's Rule |
| Magnetic Properties |
| History of the Periodic Table |
| Atomic Radius |
| Shielding |
| Ionic Radius |
| Ionization Energy |
| Electronegativity |
| Electron Affinity |
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IX: CHEMICAL BONDING |
| Types of Chemical Bonds |
| The Covalent Bond |
| Polar Covalent Bonds |
| Valence Bond Model |
| Bond Number and Geometry as Predicted by VB Theory |
| Hybridization |
| Multiple Bonds |
| Molecular Geometry |
| Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory |
| The Effect of Unshared Pairs on Molecular Geometry |
| An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory Molecular |
| Orbitals Formed by p Orbitals |
| MO Diagrams |
| Bond Order |
| MO Electron Configurations |
| MO Theory Applied to Heteronuclear Diatomics |
| On Orbitals and Bonding Theories |
| Delocalized Electrons |
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X: MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY |
| Introduction to Spectroscopy |
| Dipole Moments |
| Selection Rules |
| The Boltzman Distribution |
| The Rigid Rotor |
| Vibrational Spectroscopy: Diatomics |
| Pure Rotational Spectroscopy |
| Rotational Spectroscopy of Non-linear Polyatomics |
| Normal Modes |
| Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules |
| Electronic Spectroscopy |
| The Frank-Condon Principle |
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XI: THE CRYSTALLINE STATE |
| Lattices |
| The Unit Cell |
| There are Seven Types of Unit Cells |
| Closest Packing |
| Coordination Number |
| Number of Atoms Per Unit Cell |
| How Much Space do the Holes Account for? |
| X-Ray Diffraction |
| Ionic Crystals |